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Variability of spinopelvic alignment in human evolution
Mrázková, Karolína ; Rmoutilová, Rebeka (advisor) ; Hora, Martin (referee)
Spinopelvic alignment is caudal part of spine and pelvis, its sagittal geometry keeps stability of upright posture and bipedal locomotion. The aim of this bachelors thesis is to describe factors which influence spinopelvic parametres and to summarize main changes of spinopelvic alignment in the human evolution. Although during ontogenesis spinopelvic alignment is formed by acquisition of upright posture and bipedal locomotion, it is very variable in modern human and some parameters stay relatively plastic whole life. It enables to keep biomechanically useful geometry of spinopelvic alignment and to compsate factors which influence spinopelvic alignment. During evolution of hominins spinopelvic alignment changed in context of using bipedalism. It seems that there were exceptions which suggest that there was not just one adaptive way to upright posture and bipedalism.
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skeletal adaptations for bipedal locomotion and its possible effect on knee joint injuries
Karban, Tomáš ; Kautzner, Jakub (advisor) ; Hora, Martin (referee)
The subject of this Bachelor's Thesis is the change of locomotor pattern in human ancestors, which led to habitual bipedalism and associated skeletal adaptations, that changed functions of specific body parts. The main focus is on adaptations that adjusted the function of the knee joint, either directly by changing the anatomical structure in the knee area, or indirectly, for example, by increasing the tension in muscles or tendons due to weight transfer to the lower limb. Given adaptations are then a criterion for evaluating possible influence on typical knee injuries in modern human. Key words Bipedalism, locomotion, human, chimpanzee, injury, knee joint, knee, adaptation, evolution, anatomy
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Evolutionary development of the knee joint in relation to stability and injuries
Karban, Tomáš ; Kautzner, Jakub (advisor) ; Hora, Martin (referee)
5 Abstract Knee joint (articulatio genus) is the most complicated joint in human body from the anatomical view. Knee joint is compound, hinge joint, gynglimus, which has a major role in movement of the lower limb. Knee joint is related to the transfer of body weight in horizontal (walking, running) and vertical (jumping) direction. Knee joint is also the biggest joint in the human body, which is characterized by three bones: femur, tibia, patella. The greatest intervention of evolutionary development of human beings on to the knee joint is transition from four-legged walk to two-legged walk (bipedalism). The basic shape of the human knee joint is very similar to knee joints of chimpanzees however chimpanzees do not have problems with injuries typical to humans. The difference between them is in the angle of the knee joint caused by bipedalism movement. Chimpanzees hold the center of gravity in front of their hips and the knee joint clutches the angle of 70ř with the hips. On the other hand, knee joint of humans has the angle of 170ř, which causes more pressure to the knee joint and therefore is more vulnerable to injuries. Knee joint does not meet the demands of a modern man that overloads it with sports performance or pressures it with body weight impact from obesity. This overloading does not occur in...
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Bipedal locomotion of primates: ecological, ontogenetic, and morphological aspects
Letošníková, Lenka ; Hora, Martin (advisor) ; Novák, Jan (referee)
In my bachelor's thesis I focus on bipedal locomotion and bipedal posture of various primate species in a morphological, ontogenetic and ecological context. Nowadays, a habitual bipedalism is used only by human, about whom I mention only marginally with comparing him to the other primates in my thesis. First part of thesis deals with morphological aspects of bipedal primate locomotion, including description of anatomical differences of primate species and comparison of bipedal walk to quadrupedal walk. Next in thesis, I deal with ontogenetic aspects of bipedal primate locomotion, where I compare the rate of bipedal use among infant and adult primates and also among selected primate species. Finally, I describe the use of bipedal walk and bipedal postures of primates in different situations and ecological conditions. Keywords: bipedalism, primates, primate locomotion, ontogenetic aspects, morphology, ecological aspects, transport, human
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